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The April 8 issue of the Nihon Keizai (Nikkei) Shimbun paper reports that Takara-Tomy is reviving the beyblade spinning-top game franchise after a four-year hiatus this August, and will sponsor a new accompanying Beyblade anime this summer. Takara-Tomy is aiming for 20 billion yen (about US$200 million) in yearly revenue by next year, and will improve the new tops by making them out of metal instead of plastic.

Takara-Tomy launched the game franchise in 1999, and sponsored three anime series between 2001 and 2003: Bakuten Shoot Beyblade, Bakuten Shoot Beyblade 2002 (Beyblade V-Force), and Bakuten Shoot Beyblade G-Revolution. Nelvana (Bakugan, Medabots) released all three in the United States, with the last new episode airing in 2005. Viz Media released Takao Aoki's manga spinoff, although a new manga series has yet to be announced.

Windows 7 (formerly codenamed Blackcomb and Vienna) is an upcoming version of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs, netbooks and media center PCs.^[1] Microsoft has stated that it plans to release Windows 7, "in time for the holiday season" of 2009,^[2] less than three years after the general availability of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Its server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, is slated for release around the same time. It is expected that the exact date will be October 15, 2009.^[3]

Unlike its predecessor, Windows 7 is intended to be an incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista is already compatible.^[4] Presentations given by the company in 2008 have focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows Shell with a new taskbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup,^[5] and performance improvements. Some applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Photo Gallery, will not be included in Windows 7; some will instead be offered separately as part of the freeware Windows Live Essentials suite.^[6]

Contents [hide] 1 Development 1.1 Goals 2 Features 2.1 New and changed features 2.2 Removed features 3 Antitrust regulatory attention 4 Editions 5 Hardware requirements 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Development

Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed "Longhorn" was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.^[7] By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major viruses exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in 2003, Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also "reset", or delayed in September 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.^[8]

Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006,^[9] and again to Windows 7 in 2007.^[10] In 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.^[11][12]

The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.^[13] At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. Copies of Windows 7 build 6801 were distributed out at the end of the conference, but the demonstrated taskbar was disabled in this build. However, there was an unofficial crack that could unlock it.^{[citation needed]}

On December, 27, 2008, Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[14] According to a performance test by ZDNet,^[15] Windows 7 Beta has beaten both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shut down time, working with files and loading documents; others, including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video-editing, remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.^[16] On January 7, 2009, the 64-bit version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.^[17][18] At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.^[19] The Beta was to be publicly released January 9, 2009. Initially, Microsoft planned for the download to be made available to 2.5 million people on January 9. However, access to the downloads were delayed due to high traffic.^[20] The download limit was also extended, initially until January 24, then again to February 10. People who did not complete downloading the beta had two extra days to complete the download. After February 12, unfinished downloads became unable to complete. Users can still obtain product keys from Microsoft to activate their copy of Windows 7 Beta. Users can still download Windows 7 via the Microsoft Connect program. The beta expires on August 1, 2009, with bihourly shutdowns starting July 1, 2009. The release candidate, build 7100, has been available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers and Connect Program participants since April 30 and is available to the general public as of May 5, 2009.^[21] It has also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.^[22] The release candidate is available in five languages and will expire on June 1, 2010, with bihourly shutdowns starting March 1, 2010.^[23] According to Microsoft, the final release is planned for release in time for the 2009 holiday shopping season.^[2]

Goals

Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that the next version of Windows would "be more user-centric".^[24] Gates later said that Windows 7 will also focus on performance improvements;^[25] Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.^[26]

Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.^[27] Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Vista and Windows 7.^[28] Ballmer also confirmed the relationship between Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 will be a refined version of Vista.^[28]

Features

New and changed features

Windows 7 includes a number of new features, such as advances in touch and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, improved performance on multi-core processors,^{[29][30][31][32]} improved boot performance, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter), a new version of Windows Media Center,^[33] a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, the XPS Essentials Pack and Windows PowerShell being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion. Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner, Display Color Calibration Wizard, Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.^[34] Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds) which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer.

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with pinning applications to the taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable the Jump Lists feature to allow easy access to common tasks.^[35] The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. This button is part of the new feature in Windows 7 called Aero Peek. Hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.^[36] In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs etc, this button is slightly wider to accommodate being pressed with a finger.^[37] Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them. Additionally, when a user drags a window to the edge of the screen, it will snap in place on that half of the screen. This allows users to snap documents or files on either side of the screen to compare them. There will also be a feature where when a user pulls a window to the top of the screen, it will automatically maximize. When a user tries to move windows that are maximized, the system will restore them automatically.

This functionality is also accomplished with keyboard shortcuts. Holding down the Windows key and pressing the up arrow maximizes; pressing down the down arrow minimizes; pressing the left or right arrows snap the windows to the sides of the screen. Repeating the keyboard shortcuts generally restores the window's previous size. Unlike in Windows Vista, window borders and the taskbar do not turn opaque when a window is maximized with Windows Aero applied. Instead they remain transparent. For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET based WCF web services),^[38] new features to shorten application install times, reduced UAC prompts, simplified development of installation packages,^[39] and improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API.^[40] At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.^[41][42] Microsoft is also implementing better support for Solid State Drives ^[43] and Windows 7 will be able to identify a Solid State Drive uniquely.

Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Windows 7 will include Internet Explorer 8 and Windows Media Player 12. The latest beta of Windows 7 blocks the usage of third party video decoders from Windows Media Player. Microsoft says this restriction will not take place in the final version of Windows 7.^[44]

Wikinews has related news: Windows 7 will allow users to disable Internet Explorer

Users will also be able to disable many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and the Windows Gadget Platform.^[45][46]Windows Virtual PC Beta is available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.^[47] It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine, requiring the use of Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, entitled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata. A new version of Virtual PC, Intel VT-x or AMD-V. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine and redirects displayed applications running in Windows XP to the Windows 7 desktop.^[48]

Removed features

A number of capabilities and certain programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionality. Some notable Windows Vista features and components have been replaced or removed in Windows 7, including the classic Start Menu user interface, Windows Ultimate Extras, InkBall, and Windows Calendar. Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Mail have been removed from Windows itself, but they are available in a separate package called Windows Live Essentials.

Antitrust regulatory attention

As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 is being studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company's operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research said that, "[Microsoft's] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don't run afoul of regulators."^[49] In Europe, Windows 7 may be required to ship with rival browsers including possibly Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome. The reason for this suspicion is on the inclusion of Internet Explorer which is seen as harming competition, as in the European Union Microsoft competition case.^[50][45] However, Microsoft announced on the Engineering Windows 7 blog that users will be able to turn off more features than in Windows Vista including Internet Explorer.

Editions

Windows 7 will be available in six different editions, but only Home Premium and Professional will be widely available at retail.^[51] The other editions are focused at other markets, such as the developing world or enterprise use.^[51] Each edition of Windows 7 will include all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it.^{[51][52][53][54][55]} With the exception of Windows 7 Starter, all editions will support both 32-bit (x86) and 64-bit (x86-64) processor architectures.^[56] According to Microsoft, the features for all editions of Windows 7 will be stored on the machine, regardless of what edition is in use.^[57] Users who wish to upgrade to an edition of Windows 7 with more features can then use Windows Anytime Upgrade to purchase the upgrade, and unlock the features of those editions.^[52][57][58] Microsoft has not yet announced pricing information or volume licensing details for Windows 7.^[58]

Hardware requirements

Microsoft has published their recommended specifications for a system running Windows 7 Release Candidate.^[59][60] For the 32-bit version, these are much the same as those for premium editions of Vista, but they are considerably higher for the 64-bit version. Microsoft has released a beta version of an upgrade advisor that scans a computer to see if it is compatible with Windows 7.

Windows 7 recommended hardware specifications^[61]

Processor speed	1 GHz processor (32- or 64-bit)
Memory (RAM)	1 GB of RAM (32-bit); 2 GB of RAM (64-bit)
Graphics card	Support for DirectX 9 graphics device with 128MB of memory (for Aero)
HDD free space	16 GB of available disk space (32-bit); 20 GB of available disk space (64-bit)
Optical drive	DVD-R/W

Orkut is a free-access social networking service owned and operated by Google. The service is designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. The website is named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten.

Although Orkut is less popular in the United States than competitors Facebook and MySpace, it is one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil.^[2] In fact, as of May 2009, 49.83% of Orkut's users are from Brazil, followed by India with 17.51%^[3].

Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut will be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues.^[4][5][6][7]

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Scrapbook 2.2 Communities 2.3 Other miscellaneous features 2.4 Orkut redesign 3 Controversy 3.1 Flooders and fake profiles 3.2 State Censorship 3.3 Privacy 3.4 Security and safety 3.5 MW.Orc worm 3.6 HTTPS Not Obvious 3.7 Session Management and Authentication Issues 3.8 W32/KutWormer 3.9 Other Attacks 3.9.1 Private Album Crack 4 Legal Issues 4.1 India 4.2 Brazil 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

History

Orkut was launched on January 22, 2004 by Google as independent project of Orkut Büyükkökten, a Turkish software engineer. The community membership was originally by invitation only. At first year, United States had the largest user base. By word of mouth various Brazilians began adopting and inviting more friends, in a viral driven by the blogosphere. Soon after, Brazil surpassed U.S. in number of users and orkut started becoming heavily popular in Brazil. Americans then started leaving the service and switching to other similar sites such as MySpace and Friendster. This phenomenon was covered by the English blogosphere with some criticism towards Brazilians ^[8][9][10] because they communicate among themselves using their native language Portuguese and not English.

From that time, orkut growth was driven by Brazilian users, first being opened to everyone by register and becoming the most popular website in Brazil.^{[citation needed]} The creator Orkut Büyükkökten visited Brazil in 2007,^[11] in attempt to understand the success in that country. In 2007 orkut began attracting large amount of Indians who were not intimidated by the number of Brazilians on the site. As for now, orkut also has a simplified site for mobile users. "m.orkut.com". In 2008, a new feature was introduced for users having slow internet connections to access orkut using the "View orkut in lighter version" setting. Soon Orkut emerged as the No. 1 social networking website in the industry.^{[citation needed]} It was claimed that Google makes in turn profit from Orkut, with AdSense Revenue generation system.^{[citation needed]}

Features

Traffic on Orkut by country
Traffic of Orkut on March 31, 2004
	United States		51.36%
	Japan		7.74%
	Brazil		5.16%
	Netherlands		4.10%
	United Kingdom		3.72%
	Other		27.92%
Traffic of Orkut on May 13, 2009[12]
	India		23.7%
	Brazil		22.1%
	United States		8.9%
	Japan		8.8%
	Pakistan		6.9%
	Other		29.6%

A user first creates a "Profile", in which the user provides "Social", "Professional" and "Personal" details. Users can upload photos into their Orkut profile with a caption. Users can also add videos to their profile from either YouTube or Google Video with the additional option of creating either restricted or unrestricted polls for polling a community of users. There is an option to integrate GTalk (An instant messenger from Google) with Orkut enabling chatting and file sharing. currently gtalk has been integrated in orkut. Users can directly chat from orkut page.

Scrapbook

"Scrapping" is popular among the Orkut community as a form of offline and online communication. In December 2007, the ability to pop up alerts when a scrap is received was added.

Communities

Another feature of Orkut are "Communities". Anyone with an Orkut account can create a community on anything. One can post topics, inform users about an event, ask them questions or just play games. There are more than one million communities on Orkut with topics ranging from pizza to pasta, and space flights to Srikakulam. The first five communities on Orkut were started within 24 hrs of the site's launch. There were a total of 47,092,584 communities on Orkut as per March 24, 2008 4:25PM IST (+5:30 GMT).^{[citation needed]} With the recent addition of the search topic feature in the communities, some Orkut communities become the in fact source for the website links to movies, e-books etc. A community's members may also create polls, and invite other members.

Other miscellaneous features

Members can make groups to join friends according to their wishes. Further, each member can become fans of any of the friends in their list and can also evaluate whether their friend is "Trustworthy", "Cool", "Sexy" on a scale of 1 to 3 (marked by icons) and is aggregated in terms of a percentage. Unlike Facebook, where a member can view profile details of people only on their network, Orkut allows anyone to visit anyone's profile, unless a potential visitor is on your "Ignore List" (this feature has been recently changed so that users can choose between showing their profile to all networks or specified ones). Importantly, each member can also customize their profile preferences and can restrict information that appear on their profile from their friends and/or others (not on the friends list). Another feature is that any member can add any other member on Orkut to his/her "Crush List" and both of them will be informed only when both parties have added each other to their "Crush List".

When a user logs in, they see the people in their friends list in the order of their logging in to the site, the first person being the latest one to do so.^[13] Orkut's competitors are other social networking sites including MySpace and Facebook. Ning is a more direct competitor, as they allow creation of Social Networks which are similar to Orkut's communities.

Orkut redesign

On August 24, 2007, Orkut announced a redesign. The new UI contains round corners and soft colors including small logotype at upper left corner. The redesign has been announced on the official Orkut Blog. By August 30, 2007, most users on Orkut could see changes on their profile pages as per the new redesign. On August 31, 2007, Orkut announced its new features including improvements to the way you view your friends, 9 rather than 8 of your friends displayed on your homepage and profile page and basic links to your friends' content right under their profile picture as you browse through their different pages. It also announced the initial related languages: Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu. Profile editing can take place by clicking the settings button under the user profile photo (or alternatively, clicking the blue settings link at the top of any page).

On September 4, 2007, Orkut announced another new feature. user would be able to see an "Updates from your friends" box on the homepage, where it's possible to get real-time updates when friends make changes to their profiles, photos and videos. Moreover, in case someone wants to keep some things on their profile private, Orkut has added an easy opt-out button on the settings page. Scraps were also HTML-enabled letting users post videos or pictures. On November 8, 2007, Orkut greeted its Indian users Happy Diwali by allowing them to change their Orkut look to a Diwali-flavored reddish theme. On April Fools' Day 2008, Orkut temporarily changed its name on its webpage to yogurt, apparently as a prank. On 2 June 2008, Orkut has launched its theming engine with a small set of default themes.^[14] along with the photo tagging has also arrived at Orkut.

Controversy

Flooders and fake profiles

As with any online social networking community, a number of fake and cloned profiles exist on Orkut.^[15] Due to the large number of users and the deactivation of the jail system, the profiles were often left unremoved or, when removed, recreated easily. These profiles are normally created to troll, to spam, to flood or just for fun. It is not hard to find users owning more than one profile, with some stating they own hundreds.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, invisible profiles, communities and topics started to appear in Orkut. This could be achieved by using HTML escaping codes and 1x1 pixel photos to fool the engine behind the site.^[16] This hole was later fixed, and currently there is a lower limit on profile image dimensions.

In August 2005 a freeware program was made in Delphi called Floodtudo ("tudo" in Portuguese language means "everything" - this was developed by a Brazilian) specifically for flooding Orkut. It quickly spread through the users and was easily downloadable (the most common Floodtudo versions were 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.2). As this program was massively used by thousands of spammers, a big spam wave struck Orkut in September and October 2005. Another most commonly used Scrap Flooder "Carbon Copy Scraper" & "Blind Carbon Copy Scraper" (commonly called CCS & BCCS ) was javascript based (popular versions 2.4, 3.3, and 5.1), available on almost every famous orkut community. The main idea behind this was only allowing the profile holders to send a same scrap to all friends at a single time, but was missued by spammers.

As the flooding of Orkut was becoming out of control, the developers implemented some features in order to stop this. These features included not allowing 2 or more verbatim topics or scrapbook entries to be submitted, forcing the user to wait before posting another topic or scrapbook entry, and the usage of captchas, whenever a scrap entry is hyperlinked. They gave more rights to community moderators as well, so that users can be banned outright instead of relying on the developers to remove them.

There has recently been controversy revolving around the use of Orkut by various hate groups. Virulent racists and religious fanatics allegedly have a solid following there. Several hate communities focused on racism, Nazism and white supremacy have been deleted due to guideline violation.^{[citation needed]}

In 2005, various cases of racism were brought to police attention and reported on in the Brazilian media.^[17] In 2006, a judicial measure was opened by the Brazil federal justice denouncing a 20-year-old student accused of racism against those of Black African ancestry and spreading defamatory content on Orkut.^[18] Brazilian Federal Justice subpoenaed Google on March 2006 to explain the crimes that had occurred in Orkut.^[19]

Anti-religion, anti-national, and anti-ethnic hate groups have also been spotted. Recently an Indian court has issued notices to Google on some of the groups. The Mumbai Police are seeking a ban on Orkut post objections raised by political groups. Groups denigrating various political leaders and celebrities have also emerged. Also in a reported case of 2005, racist groups have been reported. They were anti-Tamil groups. Recently a member of a Tamil hate group is currently being tracked down.

Recently, Orkut implemented an automated system to prevent spam. Orkut users can't send too much friend requests or scraps in short time interval. If anyone do so, user will be temporarily disabled from that feature for 24 hours to 1 week depending on the users activity.

State Censorship

Orkut was very popular in Iran, but the website is now blocked by the government. According to official reports, this is due to national security issues, and Islamic ethical issues about dating and match making. To get around this block, sites such as orkutproxy.com (now defunct) were made for Iranian users. Other websites such as Yahoo! Groups and Google Groups have communities dedicated to receiving updates on the newest location of Iran's Orkut proxy. Though it was once possible to bypass governmental blockage of Orkut, the site has closed its HTTPS pages on all anonymous proxies. Now it is almost impossible for ordinary users to visit this site inside Iran.^[20] Many other sites have been published in Iran since Orkut's blockage, using the same social-networking model - examples include MyPardis, Cloob and Bahaneh.^[21]

In August 2006, United Arab Emirates followed the footsteps of Iran in blocking the site. This block was subsequently removed in October 2006. On July 3, 2007, Gulf News revisited the issue, publishing complaints from members of the public against Orkut communities like "Dubai Sex", and officially bringing the complaints to the attention of the state telecom monopoly Etisalat.^[22] By July 4, 2007, Etisalat had placed a renewed ban on the site,^[23] which remains in effect despite Google's promise to negotiate the ban with the UAE.^[24] Saudi Arabia is another country that has blocked access to Orkut, while Bahrain's information ministry is also under pressure to follow suit.^[25]

Privacy

Earlier in Orkut it was possible for anybody to view anyone's pictures, videos as well as scraps, but this gave promotion to the people who started misusing the photos and videos and placed them on the internet with fake details. Many of them were vulgar, especially pictures of women. Moreover, the scraps could be read easily. Currently privacy covers such features as scraps (separate read and write access), videos, photo albums, testimonials, and applications. The following privacy levels are currently available to users: friends/friends of friends/everyone in the network. In December 2008, Orkut developers have introduced another privacy update that allow users to restrict viewing of their albums to certain number of friends, as well as selected e-mail contacts. The user can limit visibility of her/his profile to a certain region or group of regions (known as a "network"); in this case outside of these regions no user information is available.

Security and safety

In December 2007, hundreds of thousands of users accounts were affected, using another XSS vulnerability and a worm.^{[citation needed]} A user's account was affected when the user simply read a particular scrap containing an embed which caused the user to automatically become a part of a community on the site, without approval. The affected user's account was then used to send this scrap to everyone present in the user's friend list thereby creating a sort of a huge wave.^{[citation needed]}

MW.Orc worm

On June 19, 2006 FaceTime Security Labs' security researchers Christopher Boyd and Wayne Porter discovered a worm, dubbed MW.Orc.^[26] The worm steals users' banking details, usernames and passwords by propagating through Orkut. The attack was triggered as users launched an executable file disguised as a JPEG file. The initial executable file that causes the infection installs two additional files on the user's computer. These files then e-mail banking details and passwords to the worm's anonymous creator when infected users click on the "My Computer" icon.

The infection spreads automatically by posting a URL in another user's Orkut Scrapbook, a guestbook where visitors can leave comments visible on the user's page. This link lures visitors with a message in Portuguese, falsely claiming to offer additional photos. The message text that carries an infection link can vary from case to case. In addition to stealing personal information, the malware can also enable a remote user to control the PC and make it part of a botnet, a network of infected PCs. The botnet in this case uses an infected PC's bandwidth to distribute large, pirated movie files, potentially slowing down an end-user's connection speed.

The initial executable file (Minhasfotos.exe) creates two additional files when activated, winlogon_.jpg and wzip32.exe (located in the System32 Folder). When the user clicks the "My Computer" icon, a mail is sent containing their personal data. In addition, they may be added to an XDCC Botnet (used for file sharing), and the infection link may be sent to other users that they know in the Orkut network. The infection can be spread manually, but also has the ability to send "back dated" infection links to people in the "friends list" of the infected user. According to statements made by Google, as noted in Facetime's Greynets Blog, the company had implemented a temporary fix for the dangerous worm.^[26]

HTTPS Not Obvious

In and around April 17, 2007 users began reporting that secure (https) access to the Orkut login server was no longer available. In fact, Google had changed the main login page to http delivery to improve efficiency, but the actual login remained secure using https in an iframe.^[27] This information had not been well-published by Google, and did not give the users the reassurance of seeing the "secure connection" padlock in the browser. On July 17, 2007, a revised login page, which is delivered via https, addressed these issues.

Session Management and Authentication Issues

On June 22, 2007 Susam Pal and Vipul Agarwal published a security advisory on Orkut vulnerabilities related to authentication issues.^[28] The vulnerabilities are considered very dangerous in cybercafes, or in the case of man-in-the-middle attack as they can lead to session hijacking and misuse of legitimate accounts.^[29] The vulnerabilities are not known to be fixed yet and therefore pose threat to the Orkut users.

A week later, on June 29, 2007 Susam Pal published another security advisory which described how the Orkut authentication issue can be exploited to hijack Google and Gmail sessions and misuse the compromised account of a legitimate user under certain conditions.

Joseph Hick performed an experiment on the basis of the advisories published by Susam Pal, to find out how long a session remains alive even after a user logs out.^[30] His experiment confirmed that the sessions remain alive for 14 days after the user has logged out. It implies that a hijacked session can be used for 14 days by the hijacker because logging out does not kill the session.^[31]

W32/KutWormer

On December 19, 2007, a worm written in Javascript started to cause havoc. Created by a Brazilian user called "Rodrigo Lacerda", it automatically made the user join the virus related community and infect all friends' scrapbooks with copies of itself, the worm infected over 700,000 orkut users, it was a huge wave of infection. The worm is spreading through Orkut’s recently introduced tool that allows users to write messages that contain HTML code. The ability to add Flash/Javascript content to Orkut scraps was only recently introduced.^[32][33] On March 3, 2008 W32/Scrapkut.worm was found. The worm attempts to spread itself by sending orkut users scraps that contains the link to the worm itself. Aliases Downloader.Banload.ONK (GRISoft) TR/Dldr.Orkut.A (Avira) Trojan-Downloader.Win32.Banload.auf (IKARUS) Trojan.DL.Win32.Banload.dzm (Rising) W32.Scrapkut (Symantec).

Other Attacks

Private Album Crack

In December 2007, a Brazilian cracker named "Rodrigo Lacerda" published a script that allowed users to scrape other people's private photos. The exploit consisted of generating album photo urls, due to their simple structure. The main idea behind this was by "Master Shekhar" an Indian Cracker. This crack made Orkut team implement new secure album/photos implementation.^{[citation needed]}

Legal Issues

India

On October 10, 2006, the Bombay High Court's Aurangabad bench served a notice on Google for allowing a hate campaign against India.^[34] This referred to a community on Orkut called 'We Hate India', which initially carried a picture of an Indian flag being burned and some anti-India content.^[35] The High Court order was issued in response to a public-interest petition filed by an Aurangabad advocate. Google had six weeks to respond. Even before the petition was filed, many Orkut users had noticed this community and were mailing or otherwise messaging their contacts on Orkut to report the community as bogus to Google, which could result in its removal. The community has now been deleted but has spawned several 'We hate those who hate India' communities. Prior to the 60th Independence Day of India, orkut's main page was revamped. The section which usually displayed a collage of photos of various people, showed a stylized orkut logo. The word orkut was written in the Devanagiri script and was colored in the Indian national colours. Clicking on the logo redirects to a post by the orkut India Product Manager, Manu Rekhi, on the orkut internal blog. There has also been some media outcry against Orkut after a couple of youngsters were apparently lured by fake profiles on the site and later murdered.

On November 23, Bombay High Court asked the state government to file its reply in connection with a petition demanding a ban on social networking site, Orkut, for hosting an anti-Shivaji Web community. Recently, the Pune rural police cracked a rave party filled with narcotics.The accused have been charged under anti-narcotic laws, the (Indian) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropics Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS). Besides the NDPS, according to some media reports, the police were deliberating on the issue of charging the accused under the (Indian) Information Technology Act, 2000 perhaps because Orkut was believed to be one of the mode of communication for these kind of drug abuses. The Cyber police in India have entered into an agreement with Orkut to have a facility to catch and prosecute those misusing Orkut since the complaints is in a rising stage.

Brazil

On August 22, 2006, Brazilian Federal Judge José Marcos Lunardelli ordered Google to release Orkut user’s information of a list of about two dozen Brazilian nationals, believed to be using Orkut to sell drugs and involved in child pornography by September 28. The judge ordered Google to pay $23,000 per day in fines until the information is turned over to the Brazilian government. The information the government is requesting would also be used to identify individuals that are spreading child pornography^[42] and hate speech, according to the Brazilian government. As of September 27, 2006 Google has stated that it will not release the information, on the grounds that the requested information is on Google servers in the U.S. and not Google servers in Brazil, and is therefore not subject to Brazilian laws.

The Internet was originally developed by DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, as a means to share information on defense research between involved universities and defense research facilities. Originally it was just email and FTP sites as well as the Usenet where scientists could question and answer each other. It was originally called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork). The concept was developed starting in 1964, and the first messages passed were between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute in 1969. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT had published the first paper on packet switching theory in 1961. Since networking computers was new to begin with, standards were being developed on the fly. Once the concept was proven, the organizations involved started to lay out some ground rules for standardization.

One of the most important was the communications protocol, TCP/IP, developed by Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn in 1974. Robert Metcalfe is credited with Ethernet which is the basic communication standard in networked computers.

Tim Berners-Lee perhaps specified technological applicability and / or linguistic construction of HTML while working at CERN, is chiefly credited for the ease of use and wide public adoption of the web. His website is: w3.org

Al Gore really did have a substantial part in the US legal framework and governmental issues related to the internet He never said he invented it.

There wasn't just ONE person that invented the internet. The internet is just a way to view files and information that someone puts onto a server. The internet is just a way to access the information.

Although there's a guy named Leonard Kleinrock who was the first person to write a paper on the idea of packet switching which is essential for internet to work. He wrote this idea in 1961.

And here are a couple more people that were essential to what we call internet today without these guys there wouldn't be The Internet.

Larry G. Roberts created the first functioning long-distance computer networks in 1965 and designed the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the seed from which the modern Internet grew, in 1966.

Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which moves data on the modern Internet, in 1972 and 1973. If any two people "invented the Internet," it was Kahn and Cerf - but they have publicily stated that "no one person or group of people" invented the Internet.

Radia Perlman invented the spanning tree algorithm in the 1980s. Her spanning tree algorithm allows efficient bridging between separate networks. Without a good bridging solution, large-scale networks like the Internet would be impractical.

DESI MOVIES:
1. FILMIJOY.COM

2.Desi Needz

3.videomasti

4. desitorrents

5. funmaza

6. bwtorrents

HOLLYWOOD MOVIES :

1. MOVIELOVERS

2.TORRENTZ

3.MININOVA

4.ROOTFORUM

5.DIVVIN

6.MOVIESHARES

7. MOVIESONDEMAND

8.WATCHMOVIES

9.FILMHILL

10.MYTHEATER

11. OVGUIDE

12.SHOWSFORME

13.WATCHMOVIES

14.JOOX

15.MOVIESFOUNDONLINE

16.QUICKSILVERSCREEN

17.SHOWSTASH

18.2MANYFLICKS

19.ACTIONMOVIES

20.WATCHNEWFILMS

21.CINEMATUBE

22.CAMPUSIST

23.movie2k


SONGS:
1.FUNMAZA

2.guruji

3.musicmirchi

4.ragalahari

5.limewire(any language)

VIDEOSONGS

1:YOUTUBE

2.GOOGLEVIDEOS

3.METACAFE

I’ve just updated my stable version of Firefox 3.0.3 to the latest Firefox 3.1 beta 1. I know I am putting my web browsing experience at risk because Firefox 3.1 is still under testing and development. So far so good as I still haven’t experience a single crash yet. It is able to load and end the firefox.exe process much faster than the current version when I close it. Firefox 3.1 introduces a new tab switching preview which I didn’t like so I disabled it.

One biggest problem that we always encounter is 99% of add-ons installed in Firefox wouldn’t work after installing the latest Firefox beta. There will be a warning window telling you that the following add-ons are not compatible with this version of Firefox and have been disabled.

Firefox incompatible add-ons
Even if you go to the Firefox add-on page thinking that perhaps you can reinstall the disabled plugin, you wont’ be able to do that as well because if the add-on developer hasn’t updated their extension to work with Firefox beta, you’ll be seeing a message that says “This add-on is for older versions of Firefox”.

install this :

Nightly Tester Tools 2.0.2

Although I don’t use a lot of Firefox add-ons and I probably can live without them for a while but it’d still be nice IF I can continue using them in Firefox Betas. Since I’ve already taken the risk of using Firefox BETA, I might as well go ahead and forcefully make the add-ons to work with Firefox beta. Here’s how I enable Firefox incompatible add-ons to work in Firefox 3.1 beta.

Before we continue, I’d like to warn you that forcing an incompatible extension to install in Firefox 3.1 is risky. There are many cases where Firefox will stop working completely or behave incorrectly because an incompatible extension is being forced to work where the author never intended.

Here is a Firefox plugin called Nightly Tester Tools which gives you the power to enable the disabled incompatible extensions. After installing Nightly Tester Tools, go to Tools > Add-Ons > right click on any disabled plugins because of incompatibility and select “Override Compatibility”. If you want to enable ALL disabled plugins, simple click the Override all compatibility button located at the bottom of the Add-ons window.
Nightly Tester Tools
I’d advice you to force install the incompatible add-ons one by one so you’ll know which is the culprit when you experience hangs, crashes, memory leaks, data corruption or other problems.

If you don’t want to use the Nightly Tester Tools, Firefox has a hidden (not so hidden now) setting where you can disable the add-on compatibility checking. Just follow the few simple steps below:

1. Type about:config into Firefox’s address bar and click the “I’ll be careful, I promise!” button.
2. Right-click on the Firefox window. Select New > Boolean.
3. When asked to enter the preference name, type extensions.checkCompatibility and click OK.
4. Make sure false is selected/highlighted and click OK. The end result should look something like the image below.
firefox extensions.checkcompatibility
5. Restart Firefox and all your previously disabled incompatible add-ons will be enabled.

IF you accidentally selected String or Integer instead of Boolean at step 2, it won’t be so easy to delete the string from Firefox’s about:config. You’ll have to go to your Firefox profile folder which is by default at C:\Documents and Settings\\Application Data\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\XXXXXXXX.default. The will be the current logged on username and the XXXXXXXX is a randomly generated code for every profile. In the folder you’ll find a file called prefs.js. Open prefs.js with notepad or your favorite text editor, look for the string or integer that you want to delete and remove the line.

Finally, if you want to install an add-on from Firefox’s page, but seeing the message “This add-on is for older versions of Firefox”, here is how to bypass that restriction. Let’s take CustomizeGoogle add-on as an example.
1. Go to the CustomizeGoogle add-on page.
2. View the source code of the page. In Firefox, you can either hit Ctrl+U or go to View > Page Source to view the source. In Internet Explorer, click View from menu bar, and select Source. As for Opera, either hit Ctrl+U or go to View > Source.
3. Find for the text xpi at the source page. You can hit Ctrl+F to bring up the find box.
4. You should find a line with a href code href=”/en-US/firefox/downloads/file/35973/customizegoogle-0.75-fx+sm.xpi”
Firefox addon page source code
5. All you need to do is to add https://addons.mozilla.org infront of /en-US/firefox/downloads/file/35973/customizegoogle-0.75-fx+sm.xpi
6. The complete link would look like this.
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/downloads/file/35973/customizegoogle-0.75-fx+sm.xpi
Simply enter the full add-on link in the URL bar to download and install the add-on.